The carburetor is the part of an automobile engine that converts liquid fuel into vapor. This vapor is mixed with a certain amount of air to allow combustion in the cylinders. All gasoline vehicles, including boats and light aircraft, have carburetors. Carburetors are generally found in small engines and older automobiles, especially those used in stock car racing. Most engines have only one carburetor, though most modern engines with bigger engines or more than four cylinders use multiple carburetors.
The history of carburetors can be traced to the development of the wick carburetor by Donate Bank, a Hungarian engineer, in 1893. Frederick and his brother built the first petrol-driven car in 1896. Then, in 1900, they built a 2-cylinder engine using the new wick carburetor. This car was taken on a successful 1000-mile tour, marking an important landmark in using the carburetor in automobiles.
There are two kinds of carburetors: downdraft, wherein the airflow is downwards, and side-draft, wherein the airflow is sideways. Most automobiles in the U.S. use downdraft carburetors, while side-draft carburetors are more common in Europe. Carburetors are also classified as fixed choke and constant depression or variable choke.
Variable choke carburetors are generally used in the UK because they are simple to adjust and maintain. A carburetor’s efficiency depends on its capacity to provide the right mixture of fuel and air under each circumstance of engine operation. The different engine conditions are cold start, idling or slow running, acceleration, high speed/high power at full throttle, and cruising at part throttle (light load).
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The main part is an open pipe, the carburetor’s “barrel” or “throat,” through which the air reaches the engine. The butterfly valve or the “throttle,” a rotating disc in this pipe, controls the airflow through the carburetor throat, influencing the engine’s power and speed. This throttle is connected to the vehicle’s accelerator.
The major manufacturers of carburetors are Amal Ltd., Automate, Carter, Holley, Pierburg, Rochester, Solex, Stromberg, SU, Walbro and Tillotson (small engines), Briggs and Stratton, Villiers, Weber, and Zenith.
